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"x__%ha(  ?EQ_?\?/?.CDG%ha(*ȇ^a w?#?.CDEiWD?K!QEiWD??`!KֿnNWU``` :xcdd`` @c112BYL%bpuyNl\^cd3/gqjn?<|ϝs.`,] w M-VK-WMc +a+*@p nT~)*qgDwL6dsL0^V + /S|+gL#@%=PG _ȉW 83&<4qs&ؙ  0y{yI)$5ANE.z3zag\Oy Ek( DDza9C_iyuU( wwzakW7{y3T(2(   &Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0 Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0$ Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0& Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0!Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0"Equation Equation.30,Microsoft Equation 3.0/ 0DArialngsԖ0llTxT0"DTahomagsԖ0llTxT0" DWingdingsԖ0llTxT0 A .  @n?" dd@  @@``  #q   "$g??Aq3UJ[2$9kϚyY[2$*7*Kq$1$2$=ˮzk!F7"$Na̫`72 R$iv4N:2$pQ#u,˙aR$/STfD 2$KֿnNWU'e2$4tCwg 0e0eAA5%" @83ʚ;ʚ;g4dd T0ppp@ <4dddd8!0l0x 80___PPT10 ?  %''Application-level Resource Provisioning((*Gurmeet Singh, Carl Kesselman, Ewa DeelmanH  MotivationResource Provisioning Reduces uncertainty associated with workflow performance Allows deterministic performance Enables user based workload scheduling Allows co-allocation of resources Improves performance as compared to scheduling alone for certain class of applications. 4ZZ System Modelr = 1,& ,R Grid sites in the system. Ascertaining the resource availability is central to the provisioning model. Query Model: Er(n,d) = {<s1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,ck,fk>} Publish Model: Er(.) = {<s1,n1,d1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,nk,dk,ck,fk>} Global Resource Availability .J JJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJP%Provisioning Model(Allocation Plan : set of resource slots a = { rs1, rs2, & ., rsn } ! A Workflow G = (V,E) to be scheduled. The Workflow can consist of a scheduled and an unscheduled part. V = Vs U Vu Both the AP and the schedule can be build incrementally (Z%ZfZZ8ZZ.JJ Jbb`mHH8@FCOptimization ProblemCost of Allocation CAP = Cost of Scheduling CS = makespan(Vs) Minimize total cost C = .CAP + (1-)..CS  HH*`h `h`hj7   Query ModelEr(n,d) = {<s1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,ck,fk>} si = start time ci = multiplicative cost fi = fixed cost Cost of allocating n processors for d duration at time si from site r = n*d*ci + fi. The Global set of available slots is defined asv$:J JJJJJJJJJ8JJJ3E3 Publish ModelEach resource publishes the set of available resource slots and the associated costs. Er(.) = {<s1,n1,d1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,nk,dk,ck,fk>} si = starting time ni = number of processors available di = duration for which processors are available. ci = multiplicative cost for the processors fi = fixed cost for the processors. The Global set of available slots is defined as ZZ0ZZXJ JJJJJJJJJJJJ#J2J+J#0W"1*T GoalLThe goal is to identify and allocate a subset a of the global set A in order to optimize the following costs Total allocation cost Total scheduling cost Scheduling cost = SC(a) = makespan of workflow G over a using . A single cost metric is created using a weighted sum of the two costs. mPPPPBPHPm  j-bHFJSolution ProcedureLinear or non-linear programming methods not applicable. Search based methods can be used. Genetic Algorithms has been used extensively in multi criteria, combinatorial optimization problems. Population orientation helps in finding a scaling factor, . ,Z`Problem RepresentationEncoding We use a n (= |A|) bit string as the solution representation. Each slot is represented by a bit. Decoding All slots represented by  1 in a solution are included in the allocation plan, a. L a V a V GA Flowchart Experiments4 Grid sites with 10, 20, 30, 40 procs respectively. Poisson based background generated load. Sites publish available slots. Comparison between modified Min-Min and the GA algorithm. GA uses a simple list scheduling algorithm () 0b0! Free Slots  Free Slots % reduction in total cost  Current WorkExperiments with trace driven simulation of 128 node IBM SP2. Comparison of provisioned and non-provisioned approach. Multi-Objective GA (MOGA) Slot Generation mechanisms for real Grid schedulers.   ConclusionOptimizing slot selection using GA. 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Query Model: Er(n,d) = {<s1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,ck,fk>} Publish Model: Er(.) = {<s1,n1,d1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,nk,dk,ck,fk>} Global Resource Availability .J JJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJP%Slots with FCFS scheduling Slots with backfillingProvisioning Model(Allocation Plan : set of resource slots a = { rs1, rs2, & ., rsn } ! A Workflow G = (V,E) to be scheduled. The Workflow can consist of a scheduled and an unscheduled part. V = Vs U Vu Both the AP and the schedule can be build incrementally ,(Z%ZfZZ8ZZ.JJ JbbbmJJ8BFC"Allocation and Scheduling Goal<The goal is to identify and allocate an allocation plan, a, in order to optimize the following costs Total allocation cost Total scheduling cost Scheduling cost = SC(a) = makespan of workflow G over a using . 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Query Model: Er(n,d) = {<s1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,ck,fk>} Publish Model: Er(.) = {<s1,n1,d1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,nk,dk,ck,fk>} Global Resource Availability .J JJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJP%Slots with FCFS scheduling Slots with backfillingProvisioning Model(Allocation Plan : set of resource slots a = { rs1, rs2, & ., rsn } ! A Workflow G = (V,E) to be scheduled. The Workflow can consist of a scheduled and an unscheduled part. V = Vs U Vu Both the AP and the schedule can be build incrementally ,(Z%ZfZZ8ZZ.JJ JbbbmJJ8BFC Goal<The goal is to identify and allocate an allocation plan, a, in order to optimize the following costs Total allocation cost Total scheduling cost Scheduling cost = SC(a) = makespan of workflow G over a using . A single cost metric is created using a weighted sum of the two costs. eZZZZBZHZe  j-bHFJ OutlineVMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work and conclusions (W(D!Min-Min provisioning algorithmModify the level-based Min-Min algorithm to minimize the total cost at each step instead of only the makespan. Also, do the allocation along with the scheduling. e7"Min-Min#GAUse a genetic algorithm based search A solution is a n (= |A|) bit binary string. Simple encoding and decoding. Selection Crossover Mutation Elitism Search using a fixed population size and certain number of iterations. GA paired with a simple list scheduling algorithm. B%ZqZ{Z%q{ % reduction in total cost$FindingsGA does a better overall allocation optimization than Min-Min Min-Min outperforms GA for low value of . Min-Min performs worse with high values of  due to its non backtracking nature. GA performance depends on the cardinality of the global set A. $fbBf-e%OutlineVMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work and conclusions  W9D  Current WorkComparison of provisioned and non-provisioned approach with a trace driven simulation. Multi-Objective GA (MOGA) Slot Generation mechanisms for real Grid schedulers. -;Comparing makespan of Best Effort and Provisioned approach.<:( *.(Utilization of the Provisioned Resources))(  ConclusionOptimizing slot selection using GA. Can work with different slot generation mechanisms.  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Simple encoding and decoding. Selection Crossover Mutation Elitism Search using a fixed population size and certain number of iterations. GA paired with a simple list scheduling algorithm. B%ZqZ{Z%q{ % reduction in total cost$FindingsGA does a better overall allocation optimization than Min-Min Min-Min outperforms GA for low value of . Min-Min performs worse with high values of  due to its non backtracking nature. GA performance depends on the cardinality of the global set A.  Application level Resource Provisioning 2nd IEEE Intl Conf on E-Science and Grid Computing, Dec 2006. \cPfb+ : b Bf-%OutlineFMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work  G9DA  Current WorkComparison of provisioned and non-provisioned approach with a trace driven simulation. 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A single cost metric is created using a weighted sum of the two costs. eZZZZBZHZe  j-bHFJ OutlineEMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work(F(D !Min-Min provisioning algorithmModify the level-based Min-Min algorithm to minimize the total cost at each step instead of only the makespan. Also, do the allocation along with the scheduling. e7#GAUse a genetic algorithm based search A solution is a n (= |A|) bit binary string. Simple encoding and decoding. Selection Crossover Mutation Elitism Search using a fixed population size and certain number of iterations. GA paired with a simple list scheduling algorithm. B%ZqZ{Z%q{ % reduction in total cost$FindingsGA does a better overall allocation optimization than Min-Min Min-Min outperforms GA for low value of . Min-Min performs worse with high values of  due to its non backtracking nature. GA performance depends on the cardinality of the global set A.  Application level Resource Provisioning 2nd IEEE Intl Conf on E-Science and Grid Computing, Dec 2006. \cPfb+ : b Bf-%OutlineFMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work  G9DA  Current WorkComparison of provisioned and non-provisioned approach with a trace driven simulation. 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Query Model: Er(n,d) = {<s1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,ck,fk>} Publish Model: Er(.) = {<s1,n1,d1,c1,f1>,& ,<sk,nk,dk,ck,fk>} Global Resource Availability .J JJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJP%Slots with FCFS scheduling Slots with backfillingProvisioning Model(Allocation Plan : set of resource slots a = { rs1, rs2, & ., rsn } ! A Workflow G = (V,E) to be scheduled. The Workflow can consist of a scheduled and an unscheduled part. V = Vs U Vu Both the AP and the schedule can be build incrementally ,(Z%ZfZZ8ZZ.JJ JbbbmJJ8BFC"Allocation and Scheduling Goal<The goal is to identify and allocate an allocation plan, a, in order to optimize the following costs Total allocation cost Total scheduling cost Scheduling cost = SC(a) = makespan of workflow G over a using . A single cost metric is created using a weighted sum of the two costs. eZZZZBZHZe  j-bHFJ OutlineEMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work(F(D !Min-Min provisioning algorithmModify the level-based Min-Min algorithm to minimize the total cost at each step instead of only the makespan. Also, do the allocation along with the scheduling. e70Cost Metric Performance#GAUse a genetic algorithm based search A solution is a n (= |A|) bit binary string. Simple encoding and decoding. Selection Crossover Mutation Elitism Search using a fixed population size and certain number of iterations. GA paired with a simple list scheduling algorithm. B%ZqZ{Z%q{ % reduction in total cost$FindingsGA does a better overall allocation optimization than Min-Min Min-Min outperforms GA for low value of . Min-Min performs worse with high values of  due to its non backtracking nature. GA performance depends on the cardinality of the global set A. The cost metric performs considerable allocation optimization for a little loss in makespan.  Application level Resource Provisioning 2nd IEEE Intl Conf on E-Science and Grid Computing, Dec 2006. \Zfb+ : b Tf-k%OutlineFMotivation Model Comparison of 2 provisioning algorithms Current work  G9D  Current WorkComparison of provisioned and non-provisioned approach with a trace driven simulation. Multi-Objective GA (MOGA) Slot Generation mechanisms for real Grid schedulers. -;Comparing makespan of Best Effort and Provisioned approach.<:( *.(Utilization of the Provisioned Resources))(. 0 .(  r  S dl     | 0  "0e0eA .?AjJ ? 60%"  V  . 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